Saccharum officinarum

Family: Poaceae

Common name: Sugarcane

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a perennial gian tropical grass growing erect and tall. It is known for its unique growth pattern, where lateral shoots emerge from the base, leading to the development of multiple stems. These stems typically grow to a height of 3-4 meters. The plants are with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, the main source of sugar.

Sugarcane has long, narrow leaves that grow from the base. The terminal inflorescence is a panicle, characterized by a pinkish plume that is broadest at the base and tapers towards the top. The spikelets are borne on side branches and are concealed in tufts of long, silky hair. The fruits are dry and contain a single seed, fruit is a caryopsis. Sugarcane is typically harvested before it flowers, as the flowering process reduces the sugar content of the stalks.

Sugarcane is widely used in industrial processing, particularly for the production of rum and sugar. It is primarily used as a sweetener but also plays roles in enhancing flavor, color, and texture, acting as a bulking agent, and improving mouthfeel. Beyond its culinary uses, sugarcane is used in traditional medicine to treat abdominal tumors, jaundice, and hemorrhage. The plant is also processed to produce ethanol for biofuel. Additionally, sugarcane wax is utilized in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for its smooth texture and beneficial properties.